Incoterms Use for Shipping Terms

INCOTERMS USE FOR SHIPPING TERMS Incoterms rules are international trade terms promulgated by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). Though used primarily in international trade, they are seeing increasing use in domestic trade. When used, they should specify the specific shipping term, the location, Incoterms, and the edition. An example is â€Å"DAT Pier 82 Port of Philadelphia Incoterms ® 2010. † Incoterms rules specify the point at which risk of loss occurs, but not, strictly speaking, where title changes.In addition, they specify which party is responsible for freight (or carriage) charges, but not payment terms for the goods themselves. The ICC prefers that â€Å"Incoterms† be used as an adjective, not a noun, in prose. The word itself is trademarked and the rules are copyrighted, so at least the last edition, Incoterms ® 2010, should include the trademark. The U. S. national council of the ICC is the U. S. Council for International Business (USCIB). The leading U. S. authority is Frank Reynolds, who served on the eight-member committee of the ICC which drafted the Incoterms ® 2010 rules.New rules have been published every ten years, and the second latest, Incoterms 2000, is still in widespread use. The rules are brought more up-to-date in their application, and sometimes, old terms are deleted and new terms are added. There has been a tendency to incorporate container shipment provisions, and to place responsibility for export specifics more on the seller and import specifics more on the buyer. The edition of the rules should always be specified, such as â€Å"FOB Terminal 86 Port of Seattle Incoterms 2000. The named place (â€Å"delivery† under Incoterms rules) is where risk of loss changes, and usually, but not always, where responsibility for carriage charges changes. Incoterms rules are not law and are incorporated into the sales contract by explicit reference to them. The sales contract includes additional specifics of the contract, and may modify the Incoterm chosen. However, the International Chamber of Commerce cautions that Sometimes the parties want to alter an Incoterms rule. The Incoterms ® 2010 rules do not prohibit such alteration, but there are dangers in so doing.In order to avoid any unwelcome surprises, the parties would need to make the intended effect of such alterations extremely clear in their contract. Thus, for example, if the allocation of costs in the Incoterms 2010 ® rules is altered in the contract, the parties should also state whether they intend to vary the point at which the risk passes from seller to buyer. Domestic trade is likely to see increasing use of the ICC’s international commercial terms. The 2000 edition of Incoterms first provided for this, and the subtitle of Incoterms 2010 ® is actually ICC rules for the use of domestic and international trade terms. As a result, the Incoterms ® 2010 clearly state in a number of places that the obligation to comply with export/import formalities only exists where applicable. † Domestic trade terms from the UCC, even those which use the same letters, are not precisely the same as the international trade terms. FOB, or free on board, is more restricted and precisely defined internationally, and is only used for water transportation, whereas it may be used for any form of transportation domestically. The UCC provisions are rather short and dated compared with the more up-to-date, detailed rules found in Incoterms ® 2010.A total of eleven Incoterms rules are available, down from thirteen in Incoterms 2000. These three-letter terms give responsibilities for, in addition to delivery and shipment charges, documents provision, information availability, and security coordination. EXW—Ex-works. Here the seller merely makes the goods available at its premises and the buyer, or more likely the buyer’s freight carrier, picks them up. The seller does not clear the goods for export. However, the exporter’s government sometimes requires the manufacturer to file particular documents (in the U. S. he manufacturer is the â€Å"Principal Party in Interest† even if another party exports the goods out of the country), so despite the limited obligations of the exporter under this term, many authorities conclude that other shipment terms, such as FCA, are usually more appropriate in international trade. In addition, from the point of view of the buyer, the seller is usually in a better position to handle the export legalities. FCA—Free Carrier. The seller’s responsibility is to get the goods to the carrier nominated by the buyer. The location specified, however, may be the seller’s place of business.Under EXW the seller is not obligated to load the goods, but if under FCA the seller’s place of business is specified as the location of delivery, it is. If the terms are FCA somewhere else, then the seller does not have to l oad the goods on the carrier’s vehicle but simply gets them to the carrier’s location. Once the seller gets the goods to the carrier, risk of loss and responsibility for shipping charges rests with the buyer. This term is seeing increasing use, and is well-suited for intermodal and containerized transport. CPT—Carriage Paid to.CPT is quite similar to the more common CFR. Like CFR, the seller chooses the carrier and pays for shipment, but the risk of loss passes to the buyer after the goods have been delivered by the seller to the carrier. CIP—Carriage and Insurance Paid to. Under CPT and CIP the seller chooses and pays the carrier. Under FCA the buyer chooses the shipping company and pays it. Under all three the risk of loss passes when the seller delivers the goods to the carrier. All three are used for intermodal and containerized transport. DAT—Delivered at Terminal. Incoterms rules give a named place.Here the terms might be â€Å"DAT Pier 82 P ort of Philadelphia Incoterms ® 2010† which mean that the seller gets the goods to Pier 82 and unloads them from the ship, and bears risk of loss until they are in the terminal. DAP—Delivered at Place. Here the terms might be â€Å"DAP Area 14 Clover Shippers Cleveland Incoterms ® 2010† which mean that the seller gets the goods to Area 14, bearing risk of loss and freight charges to that point, but unlike DAT the buyer is responsible for unloading the goods. DDP—Delivered Duty Paid. The seller does virtually everything, getting the goods to the buyer’s place of business.EXW is the only term in which the buyer clears for export, and DDP is the only term in which the seller provides for import formalities. FAS—Free Alongside. Here the seller’s responsibility is to get the goods on the dock alongside the ship. From that point expenses and risk of loss are for the buyer. Under Incoterms rules, FAS, FOB, CFR, and CIF are only for water transport. ————————————————- Domestic term FAS, Free Alongside, appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). As in the international version, it requires the seller to place the goods alongside the ship for shipment.FOB—Free on Board. The seller’s responsibility is to get the goods on board the ship. From that point expenses and risk of loss are for the buyer. Used especially for shipments of bulk items like grains, but not well-suited for containerized and intermodal freight, in which the seller typically gets the goods to a container staging area well away from the ship. (Under all previous Incoterms editions, water-based-transportation delivery occurred when the goods â€Å"passed the ship’s rail;† now delivery occurs when the goods are â€Å"on board† the ship. FOBS or FOBST are sometimes used, although they are not listed in Incoter ms publications. FOBS means FOB Stowed, in which the seller is responsible for getting the goods down in the hold of the ship. FOB Stowed and Trimmed means that the seller is also responsible for balancing the cargo load so that the ship lies in the water correctly. FOBST L/S/D means the seller gets the goods on board the ship, stows them in the hold, trims the vessel, and provides lashing, securing, and dunnaging for the goods, which means they are secured safely for transport and properly aerated. ———————————————— Domestic term FOB, Free on Board, appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). Although FOB is probably the most widely-used Incoterms rule, it is even more widely-used domestically, with well over half of domestic transport shipped under this three-letter code. Unlike the international version, the domestic version may be used for any type of transport, not j ust water-related. Incoterms rules provide for much more detail than UCC provisions.Incoterms rules specify the buyer as the party which nominates the carrier, and the buyer typically gives the specific time, dock, and ship to which the goods are to be delivered as well, but under domestic transport the seller will often be the party which chooses the transportation company. ————————————————- Internationally, FOB is referenced from a port of shipping, but domestically it may be specified from almost any location within the United States.FOB Origin (or Shipping Point) means that risk of loss passes to the buyer as the seller ships the goods from its premises. FOB Destination means that risk of loss passes to the buyer only as the buyer receives the goods at its receiving dock. The parties may also specify a location for FOB responsibilities. A shipment of oranges from Flori da to Minnesota could use terms FOB Miami, or FOB Minneapolis–or even FOB Atlanta, in which case risk of loss and responsibility for payment of freight charges would transfer from the seller to the buyer in Atlanta. ————————————————-Through usage a number of common modifiers have been appended to the basic domestic shipping terms: ————————————————- FOB Origin, Freight Collect is usually how FOB Origin is stated. This means explicitly that risk of loss passes to the buyer as the seller ships the goods, and that the buyer pays freight charges to the carrier. FOB Origin, Freight Collect is by far the most common domestic shipping term. If only FOB is specified, or FOB Origin is specified, the shipment is assumed to be under FOB Origin, Freight Collect terms. ———————————————— FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid passes the risk of loss to the buyer as the seller ships the goods but provides that it is the seller, and not the buyer, who pays freight charges to the carrier. Also stated as (1) FOB Origin, Freight Allowed; (2) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Allowed. ————————————————- FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Added passes the risk of loss to the buyer as the seller ships the goods but provides that it is the seller who pays freight charges to the carrier.However, the seller then adds the freight charge, typically as a separate line in the invoice, to the buyer’s bill. Also stated as (1) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Add; (2) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged; (3) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged Back. ————————————————- FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid means that the seller bears risk of loss in shipment and also pays the carrier. Universities usually prefer this term. Also stated as FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid and Allowed. â€Å"FOB Destination† alone is assumed to be FOB Destination, freight prepaid. ———————————————— FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid and Added means that the seller bears risk of loss in shipment and pays the carrier, but then adds the freight charge, typically as a separate line in the invoice, to the buyer’s bill. Also stated as (1) FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid and Add; (2) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged; (3) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged Back. ———————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- FOB Destination, Freight Collect states that the seller bears risk of loss in shipment, but that the buyer pays the carrier. ———————————————— FOB Destination, Freight Collect and Allowed provides that the seller bears risk of loss, the buyer pays the carrier, and that the buyer deducts the freight charge as a separate line on the seller’s invoice. CFR—Cost and Freight. The seller’s quoted price includes freight. However, risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are on board the ship. Many buyers initially like to use CFR or CIF as the seller handles more of the arrangements–choosing the shipping firm and paying for the freight.However, more experienced buyers sometimes like to use FOB instead, as this gives them more control after the items reach the port of shipment . Although not listed in Incoterms publications, CFR FO and CFR LO are sometimes used as shipment terms. FO means free out, in which the price (to the buyer) does not include unloading (or discharging) at the port of destination. LO means liner out, in which the price does include discharge at the port of destination. CFR LO may also be given as CFR liner terms, CFR berth terms, or CFR landed.Under plain CFR terms, the seller is under no strict obligation to pay for the discharge of the goods, but it is recognized that often he or she will as they may be included in the common shipment contract. If not, the buyer must use his or her own movers (stevedores) to get the goods off the ship. Incoterms rules specify obligations between buyer and seller. In contracts a party makes with a shipping company, â€Å"free† means it is free for the shipping company—FI or free in, the ship’s owner does not load the goods, but whoever charters the vessel does. FO or ree out mea ns that the ship’s crew does not unload the goods, but rather that the charterer provides for discharging Liner in means that the ship owner loads the goods, and liner out means that the ship owner discharges the goods. ————————————————- Domestic term Cost and Freight, or CF, or CNF, or C&F, appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). As in the international version, it requires the seller to place the goods on the vehicle for shipment. However, unlike the international version, the domestic version may be used for any type of transport, not just water-related.In both international and U. S. versions, the seller pays the freight, but risk of loss is the buyer’s in shipment. Although not as frequently used as FOB, the terms CF (CFR Incoterms) and CIF are quite common, both domestically and internationally. CIF—Cost, Insurance, and Freight. Same as CFR except that insurance is included. ————————————————- CIF appears in both Incoterms rules and the UCC. Under Incoterms EXW, FCA, FAS, and FOB the buyer selects the carrier. Under CFR, CIF, CPT, CIF, DAT, DAP, and DDP the seller selects the carrier.FAS, FOB, CFR, and CIF are for water transportation only, but the others are for any mode of transport. Incoterms 2000 had 13 terms. EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CIP CPT DAF or delivered at frontier. DES or delivered ex-ship. The seller got the goods to the buyer’s port but the buyer was responsible for unloading. This term was often used for coal and other large commoditized shipments. ————————————————- Domestic term Ex-ship appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and provides, unlike the international version, that the seller unloads the goods onto the dock.DEQ or delivered ex-quay. The seller got the goods to the buyer’s port and got them unloaded on the dock or quay. DDU or delivered duty unpaid. DDP TITLE AND ACCOUNTING Unlike international trade terms under Incoterms rules, domestic use of FOB may be for any transportation mode. The most common domestic shipping term is FOB Origin, Freight Collect, which means that title and risk of loss pass to the buyer at the seller’s place of business, and the shipping company collects the charge from the buyer. Equivalently, FOB Shipping Point, Freight Collect is the same thing.FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid means that title and risk of loss pass from the seller to the buyer at the buyer’s place of business, and the seller prepays the shipping charge to the shipping company. Accountants report a merchandiser’s and a manufacturer’s revenues when a sale is made. The term, FOB Shipping Point, indicates that the s ale occurred at the shipping point—at the seller’s shipping dock. FOB Destination indicates that the sale will occur when it arrives at the destination—at the buyer’s receiving dock.Accountants also assume that the cost of transporting the goods corresponds to these terms. If the sale occurred at the shipping point (seller’s shipping dock), then the buyer should take responsibility for the cost of transporting the goods. (The buyer will record this cost as Freight-In or Transportation-In. ) If the sale doesn’t occur until the goods reach the destination (terms are FOB Destination), then the seller should be responsible for transporting the goods until they reach the buyer’s unloading dock. (The seller will record the transportation cost asFreight-Out, Transportation-Out, or Delivery Expense. ) (From http://blog. accountingcoach. com/fob-shipping-point-fob-destination/) CONTAINERIZATION—WIKIPEDIA Containerization (British:contai nerisation) is a system of freight transport based on a range of steel intermodal containers. Containers are built to standardized dimensions, and can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to another—container ships, rail and semi-trailer trucks—without being opened.The system was developed after World War II, led to greatly reduced transport costs, and supported a vast increase in international trade. Container capacity is often expressed in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (length) ? 8 ft (width) container. A 20-foot-long (6. 1 m) ISO container equals 1 TEU.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Solitude of Self Analysis

Solitude of Self Elizabeth Cady Stanton Solitude of Self speech addressed the equality and rights of women in the United States. She felt as though women should have the right to choose whatever path they wanted no matter what the circumstances were. Stanton illustrated that, in order for women to be considered as participating citizens of our country, the boundaries of what women can do had to be omitted. Women were entitled to the same equalities as men because throughout the darkest situations gender doesn’t change the feelings and emotional damage that an individual goes through.Stanton explained how there is no difference between men and women, humans were created with the same natural rights. The fact that men have no restrictions and can pursue whatever they wanted, puts women at a disadvantage. Men had the basic necessities to protect themselves in which women lacked. Stanton illustrates this when she says, â€Å"In fitting out an army, we give each soldier his own kn apsack, arms, powder, his blanket, cup, knife, fork and spoon.We provide alike for all their individual necessities; then each man bears his own burden. † In this quote, Stanton was making reference to how a man in the army gets equipped with the basic necessities and skills to survive; but women do not get the basic necessities in life to survive on their own. The law in our country made women to dependent on men and she just want women to be able to be independent without barriers.

Essay Format

Essay Format Whenever you are given an assignment to write an essay, the first thing you should worry about is the essay format. An essay format is a special way you structure your essay. The essay format defines the paper type you write, as there are specific essay formats for essays of different purposes. Whenever you start writing an essay – always check with the essay format guidelines, as you have to strictly follow all regulations. How many students have ever been accused of plagiarism? All students constantly have decent problems with essay format citation, essay format referencing. Only because of bad essay format you have problems with your education. The essay MLA format and essay APA format are very complicated, and students often make mistakes with essay format. When writing an essay, in order for it to have proper essay format you have to carefully reference all sources you have used for your paper, and make sure no detail was missed. Without following essay format instructions, you can receive a lower grade than you really deserve. It doesnt matter if it is college essay format or high school essay format or even university essay format the rules and requirements are evenly strict. When writing an essay, make sure you know what essay format you are supposed to write in. The essay MLA format, essay APA format, essay Turabian format as well as essay Harvard format is completely different. When high schools and colleges usually concentrate on MLA style, Universities and other high academic institutions ask their students to format an essay in APA, MLA, Turabian or Harvard style. Lots of students require essay format help, as they are incapable to produce a quality essay with proper essay format. This can be caused either the lack of essay format guidelines, as you have to have MLA or APA essay guidelines book, where every little detail is mentioned on how you should format your essay. If you are not sure how to format an essay – ask for essay format assistance and essay format help, or read detailed instructions on the net. You might want to consider your professor as an essay format helper, as he can give good essay format tips and essay guidelines on how to format your essay. When you do essay format, never forget to follow all guidelines, as it can be crucial for your essay. Some academic institutions have severe rules on these essay formats. In order to be 100% sure you have formatted your essay properly, ask your professor well before you need to turn it in. This is done in order to correct your essay format if anything goes wrong. Another good way to get a good written essay is to download essay format sample or example essay format straight from the internet. There are various templates, where you can write your essay and not worry about essay format. The whole point of an essay format is to have a well structured text along with all the details of the essay format and in order to ease the whole process of reading an essay. By managing a good essay paper format – you get a guarantee that you will not have problems with non cited sources as well as a proper essay paper, according to all rules and regulations.

Research Report on Ecotourism in Mauritius

Research Report on Ecotourism in Mauritius Introduction to Tourism in Mauritius Tourism is regarded as one of the most important foreign exchange earners in Mauritius. The IMF (2012) reports that tourism is slightly over 8 percent of the countrys GDP, making it an important aspect of the islands economy. The growth in the tourism sector over the past 3 decades has contributed to the overall growth of the Mauritian economy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Research Report on Ecotourism in Mauritius specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The IMF (2012) reveals that tourism has served as a large engine of job creation in the country. The performance of Mauritiuss tourism sector has been impressive with the country experiencing a remarkable increase from having some 18,000 visitors a year in 1970 to some 400,000 visitors in 1994 and an impressive 960,000 visitors to the island in 2012. The tourism sector in Mauritius is largely homegrown. There are a number of major luxury hotel chains owned and operated by Mauritian entrepreneurs. In addition to this, the Mauritius business community has reinvested part of the proceeds from the sector into the Mauritius economy thereby fostering the countrys economy. Profile of Mauritian Tourists Mauritius is marketed as a high-class destination and targeted at up-market tourists. As an expensive tourist destination, the island is out of reach for the standard tourist. Bulcke and Verbeke (2009) reveal that the inflated airfares are an important factor in making the destination inaccessible. Graham and Forsyth (2012) observe that more than 90% of the total number of visitors to Mauritius go to the country for leisure purposes. The national carrier, Air Mauritius, enjoys almost a monopoly as the main passenger carrier to the island. A key attribute of the airline is that it charges high prices, which help to uphold the high-class destination image that the island has and continues to project. The limited c ompetition faced by Air Mauritius allows the airline to implement price discrimination based on nationality and the origin of the travel. This discrimination ensures that foreigners are charged significantly more than the Mauritius residents are. Since chartered flights are not allowed into the country, reaching Mauritius at a favourable rate proves to be impossible for many. European high-spenders make up the vast majority of Mauritius’ foreign tourists. The largest number of tourists to Mauritius is from France and the French island of Reunion located in the Indian Ocean. These two countries combined account for about 41% of the total number of foreign tourists visiting the country annually.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The popularity of Mauritius among the French travellers can be attributed to the islands long history with France. The islan d was held as a French colony from 1905 to 1810 when it was lost to the British after the Napoleonic wars. There is therefore deep history between France and the island with many cultural and language similarities between the two countries (Graham Forsyth, 2012). The other principal tourist-generating countries include South Africa, United Kingdom, India, Germany, and Italy. Major Attractions The primary attraction offered by Mauritius is the pristine natural setting of the country. Geographically, the Island has an expansive white sandy beach that extends for more than 140 kilometres. In addition to the impressive sandy beaches surrounding the island, the country has beautiful coral reefs that protect many natural lagoons found within the surrounding waters. The turquoise sea surrounding Mauritius is a prime tourist attraction. The combination of the splendid beaches, good climate, and impressive sea life has led to Mauritius being presented as a tropical paradise for tourists. To ensure that all tourists are able to enjoy the countrys physical assets, all tourist hotels in Mauritius have been built on or near the wide beaches or the protected lagoons giving visitors an opportunity to savour the natural beauty of the island. As a small island, Mauritius is able to market itself as a more attractive and exotic destination for tourists. Scheyvens and Momsen (2008) contend that small islands like Mauritius are able to obtain a much higher than average international arrivals growth rate since tourists travelling to this destination can delight in the fact that their island is not shared with any other tourism operators. This exotic nature of Mauritius makes it a prime tourist destination for high-end tourists.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Research Report on Ecotourism in Mauritius specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Major Activities Mauritius has faced increasing competition in its prin cipal tourist-generating countries from other affordable destination. The island has therefore had to diversify its tourism products in order to maintain its clientele and even attract more. The increase in leisure opportunities to visitors was also prompted by the decline in average duration of stay by tourists in Mauritius. Graham and Forsyth (2012) explain that the government implemented a policy aimed at increasing the expenditure per day and rising the average duration of stay for each tourist. The island offers a wide range of water-related sports to its visitors. Common water sports include sea kayaking and kite surfing. Mauritius has a number of cultural and historical sites that tourists can visit. Port Louis offers the visitor an unreserved look into the colonial past of the island. There is a statue of the 17th century French naval officer Mahe de Labourdonnais and Queen Victoria (Mountain Proust, 2002). The two statues pay tribute to the two powers that colonized Maurit ius. The National History Museum has many artefacts that elaborate on the country’s history and its rich culture. In addition to this, the museum has a wide range of stuffed Mauritian birds offering the visitor a glimpse into the expansive bird population of the country. Shopping is another activity that tourists in Mauritius can engage in while visiting the country. The island has a number of high-end shops that offer luxury products from all over the world. There are also duty-free goods that tourists can purchase and duty applied to some luxury products has been reduced in order to promote purchasing by tourists. The island has a number of trendy bars and restaurants that appeal to the fun loving tourists. The island offers a host of nightlife activities including dancing and parties in its vibrant clubs (Mountain Proust, 2002). For further entertainment, the country has a number of world-class casinos that cater primarily for tourists. Tourists are therefore able to visi t these facilities and engage in gambling in the same way as they would do while at world famous gamblingAdvertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Bulcke, D. Verbeke, A. (2009). Handbook on Small Nations in the Global Economy: The Contributions of Multinational Enterprises to National Economic Success. London: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009 Epler, M.W. (2002). Ecotourism: Principles, Practices and Policies for Sustainability. Nairobi, UNEP. Graham, A., Forsyth, P. (2012). Aviation and Tourism: Implications for Leisure Travel. Boston: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. IMF (2012). Mauritius: 2012 Article IV Consultation Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Mauritius. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. Mountain, A. Proust, A. (2002). This is Mauritius. Pretoria: Struik.

Complete List of Transition Words

Complete List of Transition Words Once you have completed the first draft of your paper, you will need to rewrite some of the introductory sentences at the beginning and  the transition statements at the end of every paragraph. Transitions, which connect one idea to the next, may seem challenging at first, but they get easier once you consider the many possible methods for linking paragraphs together- even if they seem to be unrelated. Transition words and phrases  can help your paper move along, smoothly gliding from one topic to the next.  If you have trouble thinking of a way to connect your paragraphs, consider a few  of these 100 top transitions as inspiration. The type of transition words or phrases you use depends on the category of transition you need, as explained below. Additive Transitions Probably the most common type, additive transitions are those  you use when you want to show that the current point is an addition to the previous  one, notes  Edusson, a website that provides students with essay-writing tips and advice. Put another way, additive transitions signal to the reader that you are adding to an idea and/or your ideas are similar, says  Quizlet, an online teacher and student learning community. Some examples of additive transition words and phrases were compiled by Michigan State University  writing lab. Follow each transition word or phrase with a comma: IndeedIn the first placeAndOrTooNorFurtherMoreoverFurthermoreIn factLet aloneAlternativelyAs well (as this)What is moreIn addition (to this)ActuallyMuch lessOn the other handEither (neither)As a matter of factBesides (this)To say nothing ofAdditionallyNot to mention (this)Not only (this) but also (that) as wellIn all honestyTo tell the truth An example of  additive transitions used in a sentence would be: In the first place, no burning in the sense of combustion, as in the burning of wood, occurs in a volcano;  moreover, volcanoes are not necessarily mountains;  furthermore, the activity takes place not always at the summit but more commonly on the sides or flanks....– Fred Bullard,  Volcanoes in History, in Theory, in Eruption In this and the examples of transitions  in subsequent sections, the transition words or phrases are printed in italics to make them easier to find as you peruse the passages. Adversative Transitions Adversative transitions are used to signal conflict, contradiction, concession, and dismissal says Michigan State University. Examples include: ButHoweverOn the other handIn contrastWhileWhereasConverselyEven moreAbove allBut even soNeverthelessNonethelessAlthoughThoughHowever(And) still(And) yetEither wayIn either case(Or) at leastWhichever happensWhatever happensIn ether event An example of an adversative transition phrase used in a sentence would be: On the other hand, professor Smith completely disagreed with the authors argument. Causal Transitions Causal transitionss include: AccordinglyAnd soAs a resultConsequentlyFor this reasonHenceSoThenThereforeThusGranting (that)On the condition (that)In the event thatAs a result (of this)Because (of this)As a consequenceConsequentlyIn consequenceSo  much (so) thatFor the purpose ofWith this intentionWith this in mindUnder those circumstancesThat being the caseThen An example of a causal transition used in a sentence would be: The study of human chromosomes is in its infancy,  and so  it has only recently become possible to study the effect of environmental factors upon them.–Rachel Carson, Silent Spring Sequential Transitions Sequential transitions express a numerical sequence, continuation, conclusion, digression, resumption, or summation, says Michigan State, which gives these examples: In the (first, second, third, etc.) placeTo begin withTo start withInitiallySecondlyNextSubsequentlyBeforeAfterwardAfter thisTo conclude withAs a final pointLast but not leastTo change the topicIncidentallyBy the wayTo get back to the pointTo resumeAnyhowAs was previously statedSoIn shortThusIn sumFinally An example of a sequential transition would be: We should teach that words are not the things to which they refer. We should teach that words are best understood as convenient tools for handling reality....Finally, we should teach widely that new words can and should be invented if the need arises.–Karol Janicki, Language Misconceived In sum, use transition words and phrases judiciously to keep your paper moving, hold your readers attention, and retain your audience until the final word.

What requirements Texas Courts impose for someone to be an expert in Research Paper - 1

What requirements Texas Courts impose for someone to be an expert in medical malpractice - Research Paper Example Legal statutes, and laws in America, and to be more precise, in the state of Texas, have continued to change, as some parts of this statutes, have exhibited signs and mannerisms that are not entirely right, as of today. Other parts on the other hand have suffered judicial refining, that has sorted them either demolished, and some being re-structured to come out in a very different approach. As mentioned above, one statute often cited in court rulings meant to deal with the issue of medical malpractice in Texas is that of a two-year statute of limitations. When narrowed down, this is translated that, no medical malpractice issue in the state of Texas, may be brought fourth, after a period exceeding two years from the date of completion of treatment (Austin, 2012). For one to rightfully assume the title of an expert in medical malpractice, and in this case, in the state of Texas, it is of utmost importance that the individual follows the basic rules, as per the constitution of America. Many may ask the question, why is this? Primarily, such level of expertise has to be legal, and in accordance with the law. Any act that done contrary to the law, is consequently punishable in a court of law, and with this, there would not be any consideration of one being an expert, while behind bars. The Texas legislature in the year 1977 passed a well-debated and conclusively deliberated act that provided for victims medical liability as well as insurance. This statute put up with the main intention to offer subsequent response in occasion of a needy situation, to a particular case perceived with crisis in medical malpractice, was just what the public needed. The article of law that ruled over such scenarios brought with it pre-suit notification to the particular parties involved, professional reports that came by early, in the litigation process, as well as what would be

Management Strategies - impression management (IM) Essay

Management Strategies - impression management (IM) - Essay Example IM is also used when an individual wishes to maintain and create a specific identity. Often, an individual achieves the goal by exhibiting certain behaviors, both non-verbal and verbal, which causes others to view the individual as desired. Existing research about IM reveals that, it is a dynamic process, which occurs incessantly during interpersonal interactions (Merkl-Davies & Brennan 2007, p120). As people interact with others, they establish signals or cues that indicate how other people perceive them. Therefore, the underlying assumption of this study is to discuss the impression management strategies for performance management in both bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic organizations. According to Kaplan & Fisher (2009, p320), impression management is a goal-directed behavior in bureaucratic organizations. For instance, most job candidates engage into some forms of deceptive such as personality assessment to succeed in the interview process. Although deception is an issue affecting both bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic organizations, the truth of the matter is that many employees continue to use it to further their goals with the organizations. A research by Harris, Gallagher & Rossi (2013, p171) reveals that, most employees who engage into deception often gain organizations benefits such as promotions. In some instances, an employee may impress his/her supervisor by the fact that, he has a strong work background in the immediate field. In other instance, an employee may provide untrue information about his personality.