Types of Organization

LESSON 2: ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS An introductory topic on Management Information System Organizations are formal social units devoted to the attainment of specific goals. The success of any organizations is premise on the efficient use and management of resources which traditionally comprises human, financial, and material resources. Information is now recognized as a crucial resource of an organization. Examples of organizations are business firms, banks, government agencies, hospitals, educational institutions, insurance companies, airlines, and utilities.Organizations and information systems have a mutual influence on each other. The information needs of an organization affect the design of information systems and an organization must be open itself to the influences of information systems in order to more fully benefit from new technologies. [pic] This complex two-way relationship is mediated by many factors, not the least of which are the decisions made—or not made—by managers. Other factors mediating the relationship are the organizational culture, bureaucracy, politics, business fashion, and pure chance. 1. Organizations and environments Organizations reside in environments from which they draw resources and to which they supply goods and services. Organizations and environments have a reciprocal relationship. †¢ Organizations are open to, and dependent on, the social and physical environment that surrounds them. Without financial and human resources—people willing to work reliably and consistently for a set wage or revenue from customers—organizations could not exist. †¢ Organizations must respond to legislative and other requirements imposed by government, as well as the actions of customers and competitors. On the other hand, organizations can influence their environments. Organizations form alliances with others to influence the political process; they advertise to influence customer acceptance of the ir products. Information systems are key instruments for environmental scanning, helping managers identify external changes that might require an organizational response. New technologies, new products, and changing public tastes and values (many of which result in new government regulations) put strains on any organization’s culture, politics, and people. | 2. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) Precise rules, procedures, and practices developed by organizations to cope with virtually all expected situations. These standard operating procedures have a great deal to do with the efficiency that modern organizations attain. 3. Organizational Politics People in organizations occupy different positions with different specialties, concerns, and perspectives.As a result, they naturally have divergent viewpoints about how resources, rewards, and punishments should be distributed. These differences matter to both managers and employees, and they result in political struggle, compet ition, and conflict within every organization. Political resistance is one of the great difficulties of bringing about organizational change—especially the development of new information systems. Virtually all information systems that bring about significant changes in goals, procedures, productivity, and personnel are politically charged and elicit serious political opposition. . Organizational culture Organizational culture describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values (personal and cultural values) of an organization. It has been defined as â€Å"the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. †¢ It is the set of fundamental assumptions about what products the organization should produce, how and where it should produce them, and for whom they should be produced. It is a powerful unifying for ce that restrains political conflict and promotes common understanding, agreement on procedures, and common practices †¢ organizational culture is a powerful restraint on change, especially technological change. Most organizations will do almost anything to avoid making changes in basic assumptions. Any technological change that threatens commonly held cultural assumptions usually meets a great deal of resistance.However, there are times when the only sensible way for a firm to move forward is to employ a new technology that directly opposes an existing organizational culture. Types of Organizational Information systems Decision making is often a manager’s most challenging role. Information systems have helped managers communicate and distribute information and provide assistance for management decision making. No single system provides all the information needed by the different organizational levels, functions and business processes.Organizations can be divided into st rategic, management, and operational levels. 1. Operational-level systems support operational managers' needs for current, accurate and easily accessible information primarily used to keep track of the elementary activities and transactions of the organization. Decision making for operational control determines how to carry out the specific tasks set forth by strategic and middle management decisions. 2. Management-level systems are designed to serve the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers.Decision making for management control focuses on efficiency and effective use of resources. It requires knowledge of operational decision making and task completion. 3. Strategic- level systems help senior managers with long-range planning needed to meet changes in the external and internal business environment. Strategic decision determines the long-term objectives, resources and policies of the organization. Decisions at every level of the organization can also be classified as unstructured, structured and semi-structured. Unstructured decisions involve judgment, evaluation, and insight into the problem definition. They are novel, important, and nonroutine. †¢ Structured decisions are routine †¢ Semi-structured decisions involve cases where only part of the problem can be answered by an accepted procedure. Modern information systems have been most successful with structured, operational and management control decisions. But now most of the exciting applications are occurring at the management knowledge and strategic levels where problems are either semi-structured or unstructured.TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Following are the different types on information systems that support the needs of the organization: Executive information systems (EIS), Decision support systems (DSS), Management Information Systems(MIS), and Transaction Processing Systems (TPS). A. Executive information systems (EIS) pro vide top management with ready access to a variety of summarized company data against a background of general information on the industry and the economy at large.ESS provides a generalized computing and communications environment for senior managers at the strategic level of the organization. Top management of any organization need to be able to track the performance of their company and of its various units, assess the opportunities and threats, and develop strategic directions for the company’s future. Executive information systems have these characteristics: 1. EIS provide immediate and easy access to information reflecting the key success factors of the company and of its units. 2. User-seductive† interfaces, such as color graphics and video, allow the EIS user to grasp trends at a glance. Users’ time is at a high premium here. 3. EIS provide access to a variety of databases, both internal and external, through a uniform interface — the fact that the system consults multiple databases should be transparent to the users. 4. Both current status and projections should be available from EIS. It is frequently desirable to investigate different projections; in particular, planned projections may be compared with the projections derived from actual results. . An EIS should allow easy tailoring to the prefaces of the particular user or group of users (such as the chief executive’s cabinet or the corporate board). 6. EIS should offer the capability to â€Å"drill down† into the data: it should be possible to see increasingly detailed the summaries. Critical Success factors for achieving a successful EIS 1. A committed and informed executive sponsor. A top level executive, preferably the CEO, should serve as the executive sponsor of the EIS by encouraging its implementation. 2. An operating sponsor.The executive sponsor will most likely be too busy to devote much time to implementation. That task should be given to another t op-level executive, such as the executive vice-president. The operating sponsor works with both the user executives and the information specialists to ensure that the work gets done. 3. Appropriate information services staff. Information specialists should be available who understand not only the information technology but also how the executive will use the system. 4. Appropriate information technology.EIS implementers should not get carried away and incorporate unnecessary hardware or software. The system must be kept as simple as possible and should give the executive exactly what him or her wants-nothing more and nothing less. 5. Data Management. It is not sufficient to simply display data or information. The executive should have some idea of how current the data is. This can be accomplished by identifying the day and ideally the time of the day the data was entered. The executive should be able to follow data analysis. . A clear link to business objectives. Most successful EIS s are designed to solve specific problems or meet needs that can be addressed with information technology. 7. Management of organizational resistance. When an executive resists the EIS, efforts should be taken to gain support. A good strategy is to identify a single problem that the executive faces and then quickly implement an EIS, using prototyping to address that problem. Care must be taken to select a problem that will enable the EIS to make a good showing. . Management of the spread and evolution of the system. Experience has shown that when upper-level management begins receiving information from the EIS, lower level managers want to receive the same output. Care must be taken to add users only when they can be given the attention they need. B. Management information systems (MIS) – serve the management level of the organization, providing managers with reports and, in some cases, with online access to the organization’s current performance and historical records .Typically, they are oriented almost exclusively to internal, not environmental or external, events. MIS primarily serve the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. Generally, they depend on underlying transaction processing systems for their data C. Decision support systems (DSS), is a type of MIS expressly developed to support the decision-making process in non-routine task. DSS assist middle managers with analytical decisions, and able to address semistructured problems drawing on both internal and external sources of data 1.It is an interactive computer-based system intended to help managers retrieve, summarize, analyze decision relevant data and make decisions. 2. DSS facilitate a dialogue between the user, who is considering alternative problem solutions, and the system, with its built-in models and access to the database. 3. DSS are interactive, and in a typical session, the manager using a DSS can evaluate a number of possible â€Å" what if† scenarios by using a model or a simulation of a real life system. Two major categories of DSS 1. Enterprise-wide DSS are linked to large, data warehouse and serve many managers in a company.Enterprise wide DSS can range from fairly simple systems to complex data intensive and analytically sophisticated executive information system. 2. Desk-top DSS such as spreadsheets, accounting and financial models can be implemented in Microsoft Excel. Another DSS tool, simulation, is usually implemented in desktop packages. D. Transaction processing systems (TPS) is the core of IT applications in business since it serves the operational level of the organization by recording the daily transactions required to conduct business.Most mission- critical information systems for both large and small organizations are essentially transaction processing systems for operational data processing that is needed, for example, to register customer orders and to produce invoices and payroll check s. This system keeps track of money paid to employees, generating employee paychecks and other reports. A symbolic representation for a payroll TPS Typical applications of TPS There are five functional categories of TPS: sales/marketing, manufacturing/production, finance/accounting, human resources, and other types of systems specific to a particular industry.Within each of these major functions are subfunctions. For each of these subfunctions (e. g. , sales management) there is a major application system. [pic] The various types of systems in the organization exchange data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. ESS is primarily a recipient of data from lower-level systems. Systems from a Functional Perspective There are four major functional areas in an organization: sales and marketing, manufacturing and production, finance and accounting, and human resources. . Sales and Marketing Systems The sales and marketing function is res ponsible for selling the organization’s product or service. Sales function is concerned with contacting customers, selling the products and services, taking orders, and following up on sales. Marketing is concerned with identifying the customers for the firm’s products or services, determining what customers need or want, planning and developing products and services to meet their needs, and advertising and promoting these products and services.Sales and marketing information systems support these activities and help the firm identify customers for the firm’s products or services, develop products and services to meet customers’ needs, promote these products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support. Examples of Sales and Marketing information systems are Order processing, pricing Analysis and sales Trend Forecasting. 2. Manufacturing and Production Systems The manufacturing and production function is responsible f or actually producing the firm’s goods and services.Manufacturing and production systems deal with the planning, development, and maintenance of production facilities; the establishment of production goals; the acquisition, storage, and availability of production materials; and the scheduling of equipment, facilities, materials, and labor required to fashion finished products. Manufacturing and production information systems support these activities, it deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services, and with controlling the flow of production. 3. Finance and Accounting SystemsThe finance function is responsible for managing the firm’s financial assets, such as cash, stocks, bonds, and other investments, in order to maximize the return on these financial assets. The finance function is also in charge of managing the capitalization of the firm (finding new financial assets in stocks, bonds, or other forms of debt). In order to determine whe ther the firm is getting the best return on its investments, the finance function must obtain a considerable amount of information from sources external to the firm.The accounting function is responsible for maintaining and managing the firm’s financial records—receipts, disbursements, depreciation, payroll—to account for the flow of funds in a firm. Finance and accounting share related problems—how to keep track of a firm’s financial assets and fund flows. They provide answers to questions such as these: What is the current inventory of financial assets? What records exist for disbursements, receipts, payroll, and other fund flows? Examples of Finance and Accounting Systems : Accounts receivable, Budgeting, Profit Planning. 4. Human Resources SystemsThe human resources function is responsible for attracting, developing, and maintaining the firm’s workforce. Human resources information systems support activities, such as identifying potentia l employees, maintaining complete records on existing employees, and creating programs to develop employees’ talents and skills Examples of Human resources information systems: training and development, compensation analysis, and Human Resources Planning. Management Challenges Businesses need different types of information systems to support decision making and work activities for various organizational levels and functions.Well-conceived systems linking the entire enterprise typically require a significant amount of organizational and management change and raise the following management challenges: 1. Integration. Although it is necessary to design different systems serving different levels and functions in the firm, more and more firms are finding advantages in integrating systems. However, integrating systems for different organizational levels and functions to freely exchange information can be technologically difficult and costly.Managers need to determine what level of system integration is required and how much it is worth in dollars. 2. Enlarging the scope of management thinking. Most managers are trained to manage a product line, a division, or an office. They are rarely trained to optimize the performance of the organization as a whole and often are not given the means to do so. But enterprise systems and industrial networks require managers to take a much larger view of their own behavior, including other products, divisions, departments, and even outside business firms. ———————- Objectives : At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: †¢ Illustrate the relationship between organizations and information systems †¢ Explain the factors mediating the relationship between organizations and information systems †¢ Discuss the different types of information systems in the organization. †¢ Explain how information supports the different levels of an organization †¢ Give examples of the information systems that are being used to support business functional areas

Innovations in Handwriting Recognition Essay - 529 Words

Emergence networks mimics biological nervous system unleash generations of inventions and discoveries in the artificial intelligent field. These networks have been introduced by McCulloch and Pitts and called neural networks. Neural network’s function is based on principle of extracting the uniqueness of patterns through trained machines to understand the extracted knowledge. Indeed, they gain their experiences from collected samples for known classes (patterns). Quick development of neural networks promotes concept of the pattern recognition by proposing intelligent systems such as handwriting recognition, speech recognition and face recognition. In particular, Problem of handwriting recognition has been considered significantly during†¦show more content†¦The first study discusses the basic operations of erosion and dilation and present a system to recognize six handwritten digits. For this purpose, a novel method to recognize cursive and degraded text has been foun d by Badr Haralick (1994 ) through using technology of OCR. Parts of symbols (primitives) are detected to interpret the symbols with this method (KUMAR et al. 2010). The study involves mathematical morphology operations to perform the recognition process. Cun et al. (1998) challenge this problem by designing a neural based classifier to discriminate handwritten numeral. This study achieved a reliable system with very high accuracy (over 99%) on the MINIST database. Moreover, the gradient and curvature of the grey character image have been taken into consideration by Shi et al. (2002 ) to enhance the accuracy of handwriting digits recognition. Uniquely, Teow Loe (2002 ) identify new idea to solve this problem based on biological vision model with excellent results and very low error rate (0.59%). The discoveries and development have been continuing through innovating new algorithms and learning rules. 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William Shakespeares Twelfth Night as a Feminist Play Essay

William Shakespeares Twelfth Night as a Feminist Play The play Twelfth Night was written in the Elizabethan days, near the end of the ruling of Queen Elizabeth I. It was also during The Renaissance, which is also the rebirth of learning, which this play was born. It was a period of change, questioning and vitality. People no longer believed everything they were told, but tried to find things out for themselves. As to whether Twelfth Night is a feminist play, would have several differing points to show against or for it. As it was the ‘period of change’, this play could have been written to change people’s ideas of females and males in general. Since the olden days, women have always been viewed†¦show more content†¦In Twelfth Night, the protagonist of the story, Viola, is displayed as a rational, sacrificial, sincere, strong, witty woman, who disguises herself as a man, to become a faithful attendant of Orsino. Viola is one with sacrificial and patient love, willingly loving Orsino, and attending to his every need. Orsino, on the other hand, is shown as an emotional man, who has superficial and transient love for Olivia. This love is very abruptly shifted to Viola at the end of the play, when Viola reveals her true identity. Through this contrast of these two individuals, we can see that Shakespeare makes a distinct different between genders, and allows to draw a contrast between characters to think deeper into their characters and purpose in the story, beyond their surface appearances. From the difference in character and personality between Viola and Orsino, we can see that Viola is displayed as a rational, witty, yet manipulative woman, who loves deeply and sincerely. This is shown from, â€Å"If I did love you in my master’s flame/With such a suff’ring/such a deadly life†, as it implies that Viola’s love towards Orsino, is true, and has depth, and other-centred. 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Police Powers And The Constitution - 1038 Words

In reviewing all the issues raised in Modules 1-5 I actually found it a little difficult to directly relate any of them to my present occupation. As I mentioned in my introduction I am currently employed as a law enforcement officer. When we discuss police powers and the Constitution directly in relation to law enforcement the mind is naturally drawn to the amendments. I most certainly don’t stop to consider the implications of judicial qualifications and the impact of our government structure on our day to day life or my job. With this in mind I chose the three following issues to relate to my occupation: extradition, the privileges and immunities clause, and the full faith and credit clause all of which are found under Article IV. These issues have reaching effects on my career field and how officers of the law might be required to enforce the law. Extradition is the provision by which a fugitive is returned to the state in which the crime was committed. This must be enforced by request of the Governor of the state where the crime occurred. Prior to the Supreme Court case judgment on Puerto Rico v. Branstad this duty of the Governor was considered a moral duty not a legal responsibility. With the intervention of the Court though this was corrected. Judges are now able to order Governors to enforce the provision. (Vile 96) Now extradition as a physical process is pretty important for law enforcement officers. At some point the fugitive will need to be transported backShow MoreRelatedCases study for constitution Essays1064 Words   |  5 Pageswithin twenty-four hours of his arrest. He claimed damages but it was held that no action could be brought against the police officer as he was acting in compliance with a warrant issued by a competent authority. 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Metaphysical Poetry of Andrew Marvell Essay Example For Students

Metaphysical Poetry of Andrew Marvell Essay Marvel, whose writing was generally of a witty nature and full of elaborate conceits, Halloween universal concepts such as love, fate and time, reflecting on carper diem In his poems The Definition of Love and To His Coy Mistress. Marvels The Definition of Love is an example of lyric poetry based on poetic conceits, as It puts forth the irrational universal theme of love and Its boundaries In the real world. Marvel writes about unrequited passions, Insisting that Fate Itself acts against true love. Throughout the poem, the persona describes his loves story. He outlines that it was impossible in the first stanza and accepts this fact in the last. In the second stanza Marvel exaggerated the theme of Despair in his love saying that It Is Magnanimous and exaggerates further with the use of the personification of hope as a flightless bird as it is feeble and could newer have flown,] But vainly flapped its tinsel wing. His own feelings of his love are reflected on in the fifth stanza where Marvel uses the concept of parallelism with the Imagery; Us as the distant poles have placed. One can see this as the persona and the person they have feelings for are standing at the opposite poles of the world, and in this image you can see that they will not meet. In the sixth stanza he gives up on hope declaring that his love is as likely to be returned as heaven fall, in other words, his love will only be returned by some sort of miracle. After the persona falls to that belief, they slowly accept their unrequited love. The depressing tone that this po em is read in stresses the personas despair in his love and to keep this tone Marvel uses rhyming couplets and enjambment. This despair was brought upon by Fate, which Marvel depicted as a force acting against the personas love rather than supporting It. Marvel personifies the universal concept of Fate as a woman with her tyrannical pop « intervening with the personas happiness in true love. The idea of Fate is explored throughout stanzas three to five, her prowess magnified in each in phrases such as; But Fate does iron wedges drive, her tyrannical power depose and her decrees of steel. The personification of Fate fabricates also the superiority of the abstract, when juxtaposed with the realistic. The Definition of Love itself is such a comparison as it brings together that irrational entity that is Love with Marvels attempt to rationalize It. Marvel Is depicting the ideology that divine love can surpass death, while also resenting the idea that physical love will dollish quickly, due to the universal theme of time, which is seen through the use of theological and spiritual symbolism and imagery And yet I quickly might arrive/ where my extended soul is fixed. He spiritual world and its total superiority when contrasted with the physical realm. This notion is Juxtaposed with the main conceptions in To His Coy Mistress where he emphasizes the importance of the mortal experience and reality. Marvels To His Coy Mistress exploits the universal theme of time as being the underlying factor of contributing to the young mans plea for sexual connotations tit the young lady. It also explores the paradoxical nature of time itself, in particular the fact that time is the agent of both gro wth and decay. In the first stanza Marvel, with wit and seductive language, portrays his strong feelings with lines such as A hundred years should go to praise/ Thin eyes, and on thy forehead gaze proclaiming that time does not alter his love. In the second stanza however, love is conquered by time. The decay as Death grows near with time. Deaths growth is evident in the text through the use of the lexical chain of Death, words including; marble vault, ashes and grave. As if a desperate plea for her love in the third stanza, Marvel makes use of carper diem and NOW. .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 , .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 .postImageUrl , .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 , .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036:hover , .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036:visited , .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036:active { border:0!important; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036:active , .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036 .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b33a014876e5bd8357ef259d4be9036:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Eng Poetry Explication EssayIt is read as a forceful argument for sexual pleasure; let us sport while we may. However the poems tone and imagery imply more. The personas love is strong and opposes the universal concept of time, replacing Times winged chariot, overpowering it as they become amorous birds of prey. As To His Coy Mistress was written during the Renaissance period where carper diem was such a significant phrase, Marvel uses the idea to seize the day to bring out the importance of the mortal experience and reality. The opening lines of the first stanza Had we but world enough, and time,] This coyness, lady, were no crime, is a mock praise in saying that the coyness of the lady would be appropriate had there been time for it. This lyric poem can be interpreted as a letter too love interest of Marvel. In this case, it can be read as a provocative message. With Marvels wit and intelligence, he sways the mistress to live in the moment. Its saying that theres no need to be shy, rather you should seize the day because your experiences are specially important, and theres no time to waste. Continue to constantly have new experiences, stop acting coy. The tone of this poem is also bright and daring, matching the theme of carper diem. Metaphysical poetry challenges the readers intellect and mind, allowing them to explore concepts outside the realm of the physical. Andrew Marvel, through the use of linguistic and literary techniques in The Definition of Love and To His Coy Mistress drives the reader to compare ideological and theological realms of the universal concepts of Love, Fate and Time, inclusive of the idea of carper diem.

The Chain Of Art Essays (653 words) - Art Movements, Modern Art

The Chain of Art Cubism was one of the strongest art movements in the 20th century that gave birth to many other movements such as futurism and suprematism. The Forefathers of this revolutionary way of painting were Pablo Picasso and George Braque. Although it may have seemed to be abstract and geometrical to an untrained eye, cubist art do depict real objects. The shapes are flattened onto canvas so that different sides of each shape can be shown simultaneously from many angles. This new style gave a 3 dimensional look on the canvas. The cubist movement gave rise to an extraordinary reassessment of the interaction between form and space changing the course of western art forever. The groundbreaking Demoiselles d'Avignon was controversial not only for the way the women looked but also for the positions of the women. Although Picasso did not emphasize on detail, he ?saw that the rational, often geometric breakdown if the human head and body employed by so many African artists could provide him with the starting point for his own re-appraisal of his subjects?(Cubism 53). ?The naked women become inextricably bound up in a flux of shapes or planes which tip backwards and forwards from the two-dimensional surface to produce much the same sensation as an elaborate sculpture(Cubism 54). Futurism was an art movement, which was influenced by cubist art. Cubism showed no motion it was futurism that was fascinated with machinery, transport and communications. In paintings and sculpture, angular forms and powerful lines were used to convey a sense of activity, this was a Futurist's way of showing motion and speed. One of it's innovator's was Umberto Boccioni who said ?We want represent not the optical or analytical impression but the physical and total experience? (Futurism 101). ?They now pinned less faith on the power of new subject matter and strove to complement their colour divisionism with fragmentation of the cubist sort? (Futurism 101). Suprematism was influenced by cubism because of it geometric shapes but ?suprematism was not so much a movement in art as it is an attitude (Suprematism 138). This non-movement was created by Kasmir Malevich's , ?His elemental forms were designed both to break the artist's conditioned responses to his environment and create new realities ?no less significant then the realities of nature herself'? (Suprematism 138). A suprematist work, banishes every trace of subject, it used color and form and there interaction to form a subject. While cubism had definite subject it was also the interaction of color and shape that made the subject. Constructivism was influenced by suprematism, this movement swept away traditional notions about art, believing that it should imitate the forms and processes of modern technology. ?Often constructivism was overtly propagandist in nature: sometimes by the placement of simple geometric forms in the kind of literary context which turns such forms into representations (Constructivism 161). De Stijl was mostly influenced by painters Piet Mondrian, Theo Van Doesburg and architect Gerrit Rietveld. These men believed that art should strive towards complete harmony, order clarity in a constant process of refinement. The works in this movement were of course geometrical, using mainly square forms. The movement's forms were deeply philosophical and were rooted in the idea that art should in some way reflect order. All of these movements progressed from cubism (hence my title); they developed from shapes into other worldly meanings. They all branched out to their own ways and fell to their feelings and desirers. All of these movements developed from geometrical objects to seem as a true form such as a body or face then turn into a geometrical form. All of these innovators thought differently, they wanted to change everyone else's state of mind and with their unlikely way of thinking they have. But we have become so accustomed to it that we do not recognize it and take these powerful shapes and colors for granted.

Whatapos;s Normal, Anyway Example

Whatapos;s Normal, Anyway Example Whats Normal, Anyway – Article Example What’s Normal, Anyway? The of the What’s Normal, Anyway? Mental health is extremely important for every human in the world. In this respect, there is an obvious question, namely: what is mental health? Our strong belief is that psychological health of any person is defined by his or her normal psychic reactions to different life conditions and situations, which may be even of harmful nature. In other words, mentally healthy people are constituted by psychical equilibrium that leads to the state of well-being with its capabilities of self-manifestation, self-realization and self-development. So, among the basis attributes of a mentally healthy person are a sound response, healthy behavior and desire of personal improvement, both physical and mental one. To our mind, there is the only one weak point of such a viewpoint, that is, the notion of norm as well as the concept of sound behavior is somewhat abstract or subjective, since they are determined by social norms, which can vary not only in different cases but also in minds of numerous people. Consequently, abnormality can be determined in a subjective way as well. In fact, ones there has happened a casus perceived by everybody around as odd or abnormal behavior in public. The thing is that a guy had hit a Coca-Cola dispenser with such strength that it has rocked forward and backward and has almost fallen down. Obviously, such a conduct has been seen as a manifestation of groundless aggression with further making a diagnosis of a mood disorder with its peaks and valleys. Anyway, that action has been a display of social nonconformity, for it doesn’t fit or meet social expectations of people. Only situational context gives the answer for such an act: that very Coca-Cola dispenser has taken money and hasn’t given the drink the fifth time in a week. So, there has been a particular reason, at least in the mind of that young man. Taking into consideration all the types of therapies, there i s a cognitive therapy, which most appeal to our perception, as it addresses psychological issues in a positive key of thinking, while a medical therapy is seen as least appealing, for it uses medical methods of treatment instead of putting emphasis on psychotherapy (Wadsworth, 2013). Â   To sum it up, mental health is an essential part of human wellness. It is determined by social standards and norms, so its concept can be seen in a somewhat subjective way. Anyway, analysis of behavior and appropriate treatment add to understanding of an issue and its improvement, whether it is needed. ReferencesWadsworth.(2013). Psychological Disorders. Therapies. Text modules 60 – 69.